Are There Reliable Qualitative Individual Difference in Cognition?

In this paper we propose a new set of questions that focus on the direction effects. almost all studies is important. For example, in Stroop task expect responses to incongruent items be slower than those congruent ones, and implies one theoretical explanation. Yet, if words are slowed down relative would have completely different We ask ‘does everybody’ question, such as, every individual show effect same direction?’ Or, respond faster loud tones soft tones?’ If individuals truly effects implicate common theory, term differences among them as quantitative differences. Conversely, directions theories, qualitative Here, provide users guide question whether or quantitative. discuss issues, methodological advances, software for assessment, and, most importantly, how impacts theory development cognitive science. Our hope mode analysis productive tool researchers’ toolkits.